In general, yes the thinner lamps are more efficient.
There are exceptions, but in most circumstances a T8 will be more efficient than a T12, and a T5 would be better still.
A 2 foot 20 watt lamp on switchstart control gear can normally be replaced by a 2 foot 18 watt T8 with no loss in light output, and about a 10% saving in electricity.
A 14 watt T5 would give a similar light to an 18 watt T8, but is not a drop in replacement. They are slightly shorter and need different control gear.
T5 lamps are rather temperature sensitive, a bit like compact flourescents, and can take a minute or more reach full light output especialy in cold conditions.